陕西省生态系统水源涵养功能评估分析

以陕西省为研究对象,基于水量平衡法并结合GIS空间分析与线性回归法,对2000—2014年区域生态系统水源涵养功能动态变化进行科学评估和重要性评价,并以此为方向探讨区域生态红线规划。结果表明:(1)陕西省水源涵养能力南北高,中间低,空间差异显著,单元水源涵养量为0～800.90 mm;近15年水源涵养功能增加区域面积占研究区总面积的86.71%,总水源涵养量呈"整体上升,局部下降"特征。(2)气候要素与水源涵养量相关性较强,植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中,森林是生态系统水源涵养的主体,其中,水源涵养能力为:常绿阔叶林常绿针叶林落叶阔叶林落叶针叶林。(3)研究区内水源涵养量200 mm的区域占总面积的65.12%,整体水源涵养生态价值不高;综合划定水源涵养生态保护红线面积约77 593.31 km~2,占总面积的37.70%,主要分布在秦岭中西部高山区、汉水谷地以南以及延河流域以北,生态系统类型以林地为主。     

川中丘陵区坡地防护林侵蚀产沙特征的研究

以川中丘陵区坡地防护林林地降雨量、径流量、泥沙含量等因子测定为切入点,借助侵蚀产沙数学模型,系统分析了不同防护林类型的降雨侵蚀力与产沙、降雨强度与产沙、次降雨下产流与产沙、地表径流与产沙以及不同防护林类型产流产沙的关系,同时通过对比分析,阐述了防护林体系中不同类型的产沙侵蚀过程和水土流失规律,为川中丘陵区坡地防护林结构的调整、控制水土流失和提高防护功能具有指导作用。     

水土保持行政处罚决定执行中存在的问题及对策

水土保持行政处罚决定执行中存在的问题及对策何建华（山西省水利厅水保监督处,太原市０３０００２）李茂华（山西省寿阳县水利水保局）水土保持监督管理部门是代表国家行使水土保持管理职权的行政机关,它对造成水土流失行为的个人或单位作出的行政处罚决定,采取的一定...     

坚持治理开发 山乡面貌大变

坚持治理开发山乡面貌大变柴学松（四川省铜梁县水土保持办公室，６３２５６０）铜梁县双山乡位于涪江支流平滩河的上游，北、西、南三面为坪块低山环绕，中部由七沟八梁的中低丘陵与宽谷构成，在总面积为３３．８３ｋｍ２的范围内，水土流失面积达１３．６４ｋｍ２，森林...     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

该文通过运用铯－１３７法对陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀进行研究，定量地分析了塬、坡、沟各土地利用类型的侵蚀及产沙。结果表明，通过生物及工程措施治理后的沟谷其侵蚀量都大大减小，然而塬面侵蚀问题却相对突出，塬面侵蚀量不可忽视。     

Factors influencing the intensification of farming systems and soil‐nutrient management in the rural‐urban continuum of SW Ghana

Farmers in Ghana use a variety of soil‐fertility management practices to optimize the benefits of shifting cultivation and/or to intensify their production. The research question was to analyze the relationship between these practices and the availability of the production factors land, labor, and capital. A farm survey along a gradient through SW Ghana showed that there is only a weak link between the intensification of traditional farming systems, population pressure, and reduced fallow periods as long as shifting cultivation is possible and common. Even where fallow periods reach a cut‐off point, farmers might look for land in remoter areas or invest in off‐farm activities. Only where market proximity supports the production of high‐value crops, investment flows are used to maintain continuous cultivation on favorable production sites, especially those with water access. The results verify the validity of the framework of agricultural‐systems dynamics in W Africa, developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the importance to distinguish between population‐driven and market‐driven situations. Both meet in periurban areas, which make them hot spots for research and development, while support for intensification is likely to fail where markets are far and shifting cultivation still an option.     

Harvesting of non-timber forest products and implications for conservation in two montane forests of East Africa

Plant species-level research that comprises inventories, impact studies and monitoring is necessary if plant resources are to be harvested sustainably by human populations living adjacent to protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa. This research assessed the extraction of plant products from two montane forest ecosystems, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (USFR) and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), East Africa. In USFR, data from vegetation sampling and interviews with local people were used to understand the ecological and socio-economic aspects of non-timber forest product (NTFP) harvesting. The densities of eight commonly harvested tree species, most of which were used as building poles, were approximately 2.4-4.5 times lower in disturbed versus undisturbed habitats across all four sites in USFR. Interviews with 91 women and 54 men suggested that most species were harvested for medicinal uses (57 species) and building purposes (50 species). In BINP, the liana Loeseneriella apocynoides (Apocynaceae), is harvested for basketry weaving. Evidence suggested that the liana was harvested in both protected and unprotected areas of BINP. Data collected suggested a negative impact on this species in an unprotected versus a protected area, with stem diameters larger than 1 cm significantly more abundant in the protected area. This study reveals that harvesting of NTFPs occurs even in these two protected forest areas, and that over-exploitation not only threatens species of high-demand, but could also alter forest structure and composition. Management practices that encourage the monitoring of sustainable harvesting levels of species and promote alternative plants for the same uses should be considered as part of conservation strategies.     

基于耕作半径的采矿复垦区农村居民点安置规模预测

耕作半径对农村居民点的规模具有重要影响,而地形则是耕作半径的决定因素之一。该文采用耕聚比和缓冲区分析的方法,对比采矿前后农村居民点的耕作半径变化。考虑研究区地形起伏的影响,计算耕作半径地形修正系数,确定最优耕作半径。在此基础上预测矿区复垦后可安置农村居民点的面积、数量及人口。研究结果表明:平朔复垦区农村居民点耕作半径地形修正系数为1.6836,复垦区规划农村居民点最优耕作半径为1 500 m;复垦区预测回迁安置农村居民点总规模约651.24 hm2,共67个农村居民点;预测单个农村居民点面积9.72 hm2,控制耕地面积约109.68 hm2;预测回迁安置总人口约29 521人,共7 380户,该研究结果可为露天采矿复垦区农村居民点回迁安置规模与布局提供决策支持。     

三峡库区生态农业产业化的模式与构建途径

生态农业产业化是现代农业发展的必由之路,是农业生产经营形式的突破。立足于三峡库区这一特定区域,分析了库区农业产业化发展的背景和现状,说明发展生态农业产业化是与库区生态环境与经济发展相适应的必然,在此基础上试图构建库区生态农业产业化模式,并提出保证该模式稳定高效运转的一系列措施,以协调库区人地关系,使山地生态农业系统得以可持续发展,农业产业化进程顺利进行。     

Subsidence rates and carbon loss in peat soils following conversion to pasture in the Waikato Region, New Zealand

Abstract. Drainage of peat soils for agriculture can lead to large carbon losses due to oxidation of peat. We estimated peat subsidence rates and total carbon losses, due to 40 years of dairy farming on a former peat bog, by measuring the thickness of peat and total carbon of farmland and of an adjacent unmodified peat bog above a marker tephra layer that was deposited about 200 AD. Subsidence rates averaged 3.4 cm yr^–1 (95% confidence interval of 3.2 to 3.5 cm yr^–1) and carbon loss averaged 3.7 t ha^–1 yr^–1 (95% confidence interval of 2.5 to 5.0 t ha^–1 yr^–1). On average, 63% of the subsidence was due to consolidation, with the remainder (37%) attributed to losses of organic matter due to peat mineralization.